Saturday, October 5, 2013

FATTY ACIDS SYNTHEIS


Fatty acid synthesis is the creation of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA precursors through action of enzymes called fatty acid synthases. It is an important part of the lipogenesis process, which – together with glycolysis – stands behind creating fats from blood sugar in living organisms.

Acetyl-CoA

  • Acetyl CoA molecules are the building blocks of fatty acid synthesis.
  • Fatty acids are constructed by the addition of two carbon units derived from acetyl-CoA.
  • In each step acetyl CoA are added, thus addition of 8 acetyl-CoA units results into the Palmitic acid synthesis.
 Malonyl-CoA
  • The acetate units are activated for fatty acid biosynthesis by the formation of malonyl-CoA at the expense of ATP.
  • Malonyl-CoA plays a key role in chain elongation in fatty acid biosynthesis. This coenzyme is produced from the addition of carbon dioxide to Acetyl-CoA. The role of Malonyl-CoA in fatty acid biosynthesis is to provide growing fatty acid chains with two units of carbon.
  • Malonyl-CoA carbons becomes COOH end in the fatty acids synthesis.
  • The driving force for the addition of two carbon units to the growing chain is the decarboxylation of malonyl-CoA.
The Design Strategy for Fatty Acid Biosynthesis.
  • The chain elongation stops at palmitoyl-CoA.
  • Other enzymes add double bonds or additional carbon atom to the carbon chain.





Naturally occurring fatty acids share a common biosynthesis. The chain is built from two carbon units, and cis double bonds are inserted by desaturase enzymes at specific positions relative to the carboxyl group. This results in even-chain-length fatty acids with a characteristic pattern of methylene interrupted cis double bonds.

SOURCES OF FATTY ACIDS: 


Saturday, August 17, 2013

DETERGENT FORMULATION INGREDIENTS

COMMONLY USED FORMULATION INGREDIENTS

LAUNDRY DETERGENT
POWDERS
Actives
Linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid (LABSA) or Linear alkyl benzene sulphonates (LAS), Sodium Lauryl sulphates (SLS), Sodium Lauryl ether sulphates (SLES), Lauryl glucocides (APG), Lauryl alcohol ethoxylates (LAE)
Builders
Soda ash, Sodium sulphate, Sodium metasilicate, STPP, Zeolite
Fillers
Sadium chloride (salt), Sodium sulphate, Water
Additives
Sodium carboxy methyl cellulose, Tinolux, Disodium disteryl biphenyl sulphonate (CBS-X), Megalux, Trichlocarbon, Tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED), Enzymes (Lipase, Amylase, Cellulase), Precipitated silica (ppt silica), Coloring speckles (Blue, Violet, Green, Sky blue, Red, Orange),

LIQUIDS
Actives
Linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid (LABSA), Sodium Lauryl sulphates (SLS), Sodium Lauryl ether sulphates (SLES), Lauryl glucocides (APG), Lauryl alcohol ethoxylates (LAE), Coco amido propyl betaines (CAPB), Coco diethanolamides (CDEA)
Builders
Sodium silicate, Sodium metasilicate, Sodium silicate
Fillers
Sadium chloride (salt), Water
Additives
Sodium carboxy methyl cellulose,

CAKES/ BARS
Actives
Linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid (LABSA), Sodium Lauryl sulphates (SLS), Sodium Lauryl ether sulphates (SLES), Lauryl alcohol ethoxylates (LAE)
Builders
Sodium silicate, Sodium metasilicate, STPP, Zeolite
Fillers
China clay, Bentonite, Calcite, Dolomite, Sadium chloride (salt), Water
Additives
Sodium carboxy methyl cellulose, Tinolux, Disodium disteryl biphenyl sulphonate (CBS-X), Megalux, Trichlocarbon, Precipitated silica (ppt silica), Tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED),


LAUNDRY SOAPS
Actives
Soap noodles, Vegetable oils (Coconut oil, Palm oil), Lauric acid, Palmitic acid, Myristic acid, Stearic acid, Free fatty acids (FFA’s, removed during the vegetable oil refining), Lauryl glucocides (APG), Sodium soaps (Sodium salts of fatty acids)
Builders
Sodium silicate, Sodium metasilicate
Fillers
Soapstone powder (Talc, hydrated magnesium silicate), Water




DISH-WASH DETERGENT
POWDERS
Actives
Linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid (LABSA) or Linear alkyl benzene sulphonates (LAS), Sodium Lauryl sulphates (SLS), Sodium Lauryl ether sulphates (SLES), Lauryl glucocides (APG), Lauryl alcohol ethoxylates (LAE)
Builders
Soda ash, Sodium sulphate, Sodium metasilicate, STPP, Zeolite
Fillers
Sadium chloride (salt), Sodium sulphate, Water
Additives
Sodium carboxy methyl cellulose, Tinolux, Disodium disteryl biphenyl sulphonate (CBS-X), Megalux, Trichlocarbon, Tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED), Enzymes (Lipase, Amylase, Cellulase), Precipitated silica (ppt silica), Coloring speckles (Blue, Violet, Green, Sky blue, Red, Orange)

LIQUIDS
Actives
Linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid (LABSA), Sodium Lauryl sulphates (SLS), Sodium Lauryl ether sulphates (SLES), Lauryl glucocides (APG), Lauryl alcohol ethoxylates (LAE), Coco amido propyl betaines (CAPB), Coco diethanolamides (CDEA)
Builders
Sodium silicate, Sodium metasilicate
Fillers
Sadium chloride (salt), Water
Additives
Sodium methyl cellulose,

CAKES/ BARS
Actives
Linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid (LABSA), Sodium Lauryl sulphates (SLS), Sodium Lauryl ether sulphates (SLES), Lauryl alcohol ethoxylates (LAE)
Builders
Sodium silicate, Sodium metasilicate, Aluminium silicates, STPP, Zeolite
Fillers
China clay, Bentonite, Calcite, Dolomite, Sadium chloride, Water
Additives
Sodium carboxy methyl cellulose, Tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED), Precipitated silica (ppt silica)

  
FLOOR CLEANER
Actives
Pine oil, Otyl phenyl ethoxylate, Nonyl phenyl ethoxylate,
Additives
Acid thickner, Sodium chloride (salt), Citric acid, Perfume, Color
Fillers
Water


GLASS CLEANER
Actives
Sodium lauryl ether sulphate, Isopropyl alcohol (IPA), Berol 226 (Mixture of non-ionic surfactant and cationic surfactant)
Additives
Ethylenediamine tetracetic acid (EDTA), Citric acid, Sodium chloride (salt), Color (blue)
Fillers
Water


TOILET CLEANER
Actives
Phoshoric acid, Hydrochloric acid
Additives
Acid thickner, Color (acid red), Sodium chloride (salt)
Fillers
Water